The Tree of Heaven, also known as Ailanthus altissima, and Sumac, typically referring to species within the Rhus genus, are two distinct types of plants that are often confused with one another due to their similar appearance, particularly in terms of their compound leaves and growth habits. However, these plants belong to different families and have several distinguishing characteristics. Identifying these plants correctly is crucial for ecological conservation, gardening, and understanding their roles in the environment. Here are 11 secrets to help identify and distinguish the Tree of Heaven from Sumac:
Understanding the Basics
Before diving into the specifics of identification, it’s essential to understand the basic characteristics of both the Tree of Heaven and Sumac. The Tree of Heaven is native to China and has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America. It is known for its ability to thrive in poor conditions and can grow quite tall, often reaching heights of over 50 feet. Sumac, on the other hand, encompasses several species, with the Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina) and the Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra) being two of the most common in North America. Sumac plants are generally smaller than the Tree of Heaven, typically growing as shrubs or small trees.
Leaf Structure and Appearance
A key identifier for both plants is their leaf structure. The Tree of Heaven has compound leaves that are arranged alternately on the stem, with each leaf being composed of 10 to 40 leaflets. These leaflets are typically lance-shaped and have a long, pointed tip. In contrast, Sumac plants also have compound leaves, but they are usually smaller, with fewer leaflets (typically 9-23 leaflets), and the leaflets are more rounded at the tip. The color and scent of the leaves can also be telling; Tree of Heaven leaves have a malodorous smell when crushed, while Sumac leaves do not have a strong, unpleasant odor.
Another distinguishing feature of Sumac, particularly the Staghorn Sumac, is the presence of velvety hairs on the stems and the leaf petioles, giving them a distinctive appearance and feel. The Tree of Heaven does not have such velvety hairs.
Growth Habit and Habitat
The growth habits and preferred habitats of these plants can also aid in identification. The Tree of Heaven tends to grow in a more upright, columnar fashion and can thrive in a wide range of conditions, including urban environments and poor soils. It is often found in disturbed areas, such as along roadsides, in vacant lots, and near construction sites. Sumac plants, while adaptable, tend to prefer well-drained soils and full sun to partial shade. They are often found in open woods, along edges of forests, and in old fields.
Fruit and Flowers
The fruit and flowers of these plants provide additional clues for identification. The Tree of Heaven produces small, yellowish-green flowers in late spring, which are arranged in large, terminal panicles. The fruits are samara, also known as winged seeds, which are twisted and remain on the tree through the winter. Sumac plants produce small, greenish-yellow flowers in late spring, which are also arranged in terminal panicles. However, the fruits of Sumac are red, hairy, and berry-like, forming dense clusters at the end of branches. These fruit clusters are highly visible and remain on the plant through the fall and early winter.
A notable feature of Sumac is its propensity to form colonies through underground runners, creating large stands of the plant. The Tree of Heaven can also spread through root suckers but does not form colonies in the same manner as Sumac.
Identification Tips
When attempting to identify these plants, consider the following tips: - Observe the leaflets closely for their shape, size, and arrangement. - Check for velvety hairs on the stems and leaf petioles, a characteristic unique to Staghorn Sumac. - Examine the fruit for its color, shape, and arrangement on the plant. - Consider the growth habit and habitat of the plant. - Smell the leaves when crushed to check for the distinctive, unpleasant odor of the Tree of Heaven.
Ecological Impact
Both the Tree of Heaven and Sumac have significant ecological roles, but they also pose challenges. The Tree of Heaven is known as an
| Characteristics | Tree of Heaven | Sumac |
|---|---|---|
| Leaf Structure | Compound, 10-40 leaflets, lance-shaped | Compound, 9-23 leaflets, more rounded tips |
| Leaf Scent | Malodorous when crushed | No strong, unpleasant odor |
| Growth Habit | Upright, columnar | Variable, can form colonies |
| Fruit | Samara (winged seeds) | Red, hairy, berry-like clusters |
What are the primary differences in leaf structure between the Tree of Heaven and Sumac?
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The primary differences lie in the number of leaflets, their shape, and the tip shape. The Tree of Heaven has more leaflets (10-40) that are lance-shaped with a long, pointed tip, while Sumac has fewer leaflets (9-23) that are more rounded at the tip.
How can I distinguish between the Tree of Heaven and Sumac based on their growth habits?
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The Tree of Heaven tends to grow in a more upright, columnar fashion and can thrive in disturbed areas, while Sumac plants are more variable in their growth habit and can form colonies through underground runners, preferring well-drained soils and full sun to partial shade.
What is the ecological impact of the Tree of Heaven and Sumac?
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The Tree of Heaven is considered an invasive species in many areas, outcompeting native vegetation and altering ecosystem processes. Sumac, while not typically invasive, can form dense stands that may shade out other vegetation, highlighting the importance of understanding and managing these species.
